An Overview of the Declaration of Pillnitz

The Declaration of Pillnitz was a statement issued by the rulers of Austria and Prussia in 1792 to try and both support the French monarchy and forestall a European war as a result of the French Revolution. It actually had the opposite effect and goes down in history as a terrible misjudgment. The Meeting of Former Rivals In 1789, the French Revolution had seen King Louis XVI of France lose control of an Estates General and a new citizen government form in France. This didnt only anger the French king, but most of Europe, who were monarchies less than pleased about citizens organizing. As the revolution became more extreme in France, the king and queen became practical prisoners of the government, and calls to execute them grew. Concerned about both the welfare of his sister Marie Antoinette and the status of brother in law King Louis XVI of France, Emperor Leopold of Austria met with King Frederick William of Prussia at Pillnitz in Saxony. The plan was to discuss what to do about the way the French Revolution was undermining royalty and threatening family. There was a strong camp of opinion in western Europe, led by members of the French aristocracy who had fled the revolutionary government, for armed intervention aimed at restoring the full powers of the French king and the whole of the ‘old r egime’. Leopold, for his part, was a pragmatic and enlightened monarch who was attempting to balance his own problem-riven empire. He had followed events in France but was afraid intervention would threaten his sister and brother in law, not help them (he was completely right). However, when he thought they had escaped he rashly offered all his resources to aid them. By the time of Pillnitz, he knew the French royals were effectively prisoners in France. The Aims of the Declaration of Pillnitz Austria and Prussia were not natural allies given recent European history, but at Pillnitz they reached an agreement and put out a declaration. This was couched in the diplomatic language of the day, and had a double meaning: taken at face value it issued a rebuke to the revolutionary government, but in practice was meant to produce a limitation on calls for war, restrict à ©migrà © princes and support the royal party in France. While it stated that the fate of the French Royals was of â€Å"common interest† to Europe’s other leaders, and while it urged France to restore them and made threats if harm came to them, the subtext was in the section saying Europe would only take military action with the agreement of all the major powers. As everybody knew Britain would have nothing to do with such a war at that point, Austria and Prussia were, in practice, not tied to any action. It sounded tough but promised nothing of substance. It was a piece of clever wordplay. It was a total failure. The Reality of the Declaration of Pillnitz The Declaration of Pillnitz was thus designed to assist the pro-royal faction in the revolutionary government against the republicans rather than threaten a war. Unfortunately for the state of peace in Europe, the revolutionary government in France had developed a culture that did not recognize subtext: they spoke in moral absolutes, believed that oratory was a pure form of communication and that cleverly written text was disingenuous. Thus the revolutionary government, especially the republicans agitating against the king, were able to take the Declaration at face value and portray it as, not just a threat, but a call to arms. To many scared Frenchmen, and to many agitating politicians, Pillnitz was a sign of invasion and contributed to France engaging in a pre-emptive declaration of war and the mirage of a crusade to spread liberty. The French Revolutionary Wars and Napoleonic Wars would follow, and both Louis and Marie would be executed by a regime made even more extreme by Pillni tz.

Essay on Frankenstein as Gothic Literature - 3563 Words

In what ways can Mary Shelleys Frankenstein Be considered as a Gothic novel? Can Gothic literature still appeal to us today? Gothic Literature was most popular from about 1764 until 1832, a period of nearly seventy years. At this time there were many successful and famous authors who wrote books which contained a somewhat gothic theme. These include the famous Brontà « Sisters with the novels Wuthering Heights and Jane Eyre, both of which can be found on many modern bookshelves of today. As well as the famous sisters, well know authors, of the time, also included Ann Radcliffe with her Mysteries of Udolpho and Horace Walpoles The Castle of Otranto. Amongst the most famous Gothic writers Mary Shelley can also be found†¦show more content†¦This is shown through the treatment of a certain character within the book. When deciding whether Shelleys Frankenstein can be considered a Gothic novel we have to take into account each aspect of a typical Gothic novel and compare it with Shelleys work. In a Gothic novel the setting in which the story has been told usually consists of a grand castle, (or similar) which may be isolated or at least very mysterious. The setting may seem dark and eerie and certainly not familiar. It may also be described as being majestic and almost medieval in a way. In Frankenstein the tale is not set in one lone place but in many different and sometimes peculiar settings. For example, when Victor Frankenstein starts work on his monster he is said to be working in: a solitary chamber, or rather cell, at the top of the house, and separated from all other apartments by a gallery and staircase This produces an image of a hideous workshop in which Victor is creating another human being of a very different kind. The fact that is has been called a cell makes it enclosed and almost hellish because one would associate a cell with a prison in which you would be locked and confined. As well as this, later on in the novel, when Victor travels with Henry Clerval back to England, the place in which they visit is described as being a: majestic assemblageShow MoreRelatedFrankenstein Gothic Literature Essay1378 Words   |  6 PagesThe novel Frankenstein falls under two different genres of literature: Gothic novel and Science fiction; however, some people consider it a Romance novel or Horror fiction. Mary Shelley, author of Frankenstein, was 18 years old when she wrote the book in 1816. The book was first published in 1818 and revised in 1831. Mary Shelley was born in 1797. She was the second daughter of a feminist philosopher, educator, and writer Mary Wollstonecraft; but the first child of the philosopher, novelist, andRead More To what extent is Frankenstein typical of gothic literature?1272 Words   |  6 PagesTo what extent is Frankenstein typical of gothic literature? In you answer make close references to its context and Mary Shellys use of language. This essay will assess how typical of the gothic genre writings is Mary Shellys Frankenstein. The novel was written at a time when electricity was first discovered and Galvanism was being explored, mainly for medical reasons. 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There are many key elements that make a piece of literature gothic, many of these elements are found in Frankenstein. Three of the main elements that categorize gothic literature are extreme landscapes, supernatural manifestations, and intense emotions; these three elements can also be found in Frankenstein. One common element of gothic literature includes extreme landscapes. Gothic literature uses this key elementRead MoreMary Shelleys Frankenstein: A Gothic Novel1595 Words   |  7 PagesMary Shelly’s Frankenstein is one of the greatest Gothic novels to come out during the Romantic Period. Frankenstein is a prime example of what a Gothic novel should present to its reader through the genre’s twisted themes. Even though it was written in the Romantic period, Mary Shelley still wrote Frankenstein to be a Gothic work of literature. Many characteristics of Gothic novel can be seen within this novel. Mary Shelley’s outstanding novel Frankenstein is a prime example of a Gothic novel becauseRead MoreGothic Literature : A Dark Atmosphere967 Words   |  4 PagesSchroder English IV Honors 8 December 2016 Gothic Literature Gothic literature has been popular since the 19th century and has given readers the opportunity to look at romantic movement that focuses on a darker horror like imagination. Some of these involve a combination of extreme landscapes, icy wastes, and extreme weather, horrifying events or the threat of such happenings, as well as supernatural manifestations, and presenting evil. Gothic literature gives us a way of looking more depth intoRead MoreGothic Literature : The Gothic Genre1130 Words   |  5 PagesKatelyn Tiamson English Honors IV Mrs. Schroder 8 December 2016 Frankenstein Gothic literature is a style of writing that contains elements of both horror and romance. This genre allows readers to experience a mix of horror and romance intertwined. Within the gothic genre there are elements of supernatural events, beings, and gloomy day settings. This style of writing became popular in the late 18th century and early 19 century. Many give credit to it’s uprising to author Horace Walpole, who wroteRead MoreAaron Fyler. Mrs.Schroder. English Iv. 5 December 2016.1174 Words   |  5 PagesSchroder English IV 5 December 2016 Gothic Influences within Frankenstein Gothic has its origins from the Germanic tribes who invaded and plundered Rome and other European nations during the third, fourth, and fifth centuries. The word Gothic became connected to words like barbaric and savage and was integrated into the Middle ages due to the time period itself being referred to as unenlightened and superstitious (Architecture). Its first entrance into literature occurred in Horace Walpole’s novelRead MoreFrankenstein as a Gothic Novel Essay1332 Words   |  6 Pagesthemes: these are elements of a Gothic novel. Though Mary Shelleys Frankenstein, written in the early 19th century, certainly contains many components of a Gothic novel, can it be correctly grouped under that genre? A definition of a Gothic novel; according to Tracy, is a description of a fallen world. We experience this fallen world though the aspects of a novel: plot, setting, characterization, and theme (De Vore, Domenic, Kwan and Reidy). As well, early Gothic novels have characterized themselvesRead MoreCritical Analysis of Mary Shelleys Frankenstein974 Words   |  4 PagesThe essay discussed in this document is Said I. Abdelwaheds The Gothic, Frankenstein and the Romanics, which was published in 1997 in An-Najaj N. J. Res. The author is the assistant professor of English literature at Gazas Al-Azhar University. These credentials are fairly impressive considering the international reputation of the university the author was working at during the time of publication. Additionally, the authors status as an assistant professor helps to imbue this work with a degree

Adam Smith Questions Free Essays

Which of he following does Adam Smith advocate? †¢The pursuit of self-interest ? According to Adam Smith in a ‘laissez faire’ economy each member will try to pursue and maximize his own self-interest †¢Import of restrictions to protect the domestic market ? Adam Smith believes in a free market economy and would disapprove of restrictions, even in the name of protection. †¢Private armies to protect the domestic market ? /? Adam Smith advocates the protection of the domestic market through an army, though I doubt he mean’s a private army. I believe he only supports an army that is owned and controlled by the public/the citizens. We will write a custom essay sample on Adam Smith: Questions or any similar topic only for you Order Now †¢A legal system to safeguard internal peace and justice ? Adam Smith supports the ‘laissez faire’ system which states that the government or state should interfere as little as possible in the trading activities between people, as that would only harm trade. †¢Government subsidies for the transport of infrastructure ? Adam Smith see’s this as another duty of the government to grant subsidies for the sake of transport and infrastructure. 2. What, according to Adam Smith, is the driving force of the economy? Adam Smith defined the factors of production as land, labor and capital. He also said that the economy was made up of individual transactions, and that buyers and sellers were looking out for their own self-interest, which was the driving force of every economy. Smith posed the idea of competition as well, and the â€Å"Invisible Hand† theory which dealt with competition, self-interest and protecting the consumer from government intervention. 3. Show how individuals who pursue self-interest may†¦ a)contribute to general economic prosperity(success); How to cite Adam Smith: Questions, Papers

Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting

Question: Discuss about the Conceptual Framework for Financial Reporting. Answer: Introduction and Background Diageo is a maker of drinks which range from liquor to wines. Diageo Plc conveys and passes on refreshment alcohol with spirits and wine brands. The company has manufactured beverages for a very long time. Diageo was set up in December 1997 and is headquartered in London, the United Kingdom. In this report we are going to analyse the different aspects of the companys financial reports of 2016(Business process management II: Diageo case study, 2006). Diageo operates in 21 countries in Afria, North America, Europe among other continents. The company has some highlights as it has scooped some of the worlds most coveted awards.Diageo, is the world's leading premium drinks company Distilled and World Class beverages, it was honoured in one of the most important events in the world of mixology, it scooped the "Coaster Awards 2015" national best in the world of mixology. This indicates that the company offers quality service and excellence in the world (An improved conceptual framework for financial reporting, 2008). In all, ten have been awarded this award to 400 local opting Spain. The winners were chosen thanks to its vocation to offer quality service, work and excellence in the world of mixology. In the last five years the company has doubled its business division of luxury brands and has managed to lead most markets with growth that in some cases reach up to 15% . World Class highlights indicates the strong commitment that keeps Diageo the leader in the hospitality industry which it has achieved through common effort and professionalism (Chavas, 2004). Conceptual framework The Framework Accounting is the set of fundamentals, principles and basic concepts whose fulfillment leads in a logical deductive process to the recognition and measurement of items of the financial statements, and is conceived in the same way for all companies, regardless its size, thus exhibiting an identical structure and a very similar to that provided by the General Accounting Plan content (Gill, Chatton and Osgood, 2009). Small and medium-sized enterprises should formulate the balance sheet, income statement, statement of changes in equity and memory, which are documents that are part of its annual accounts.With the aim of simplifying the accounting obligations of companies that do not exceed the required size to force to submit its annual audited accounts, does not require the presentation of these companies flow statement cash(Greuning,ScottTerblanche,2011).. This state may be submitted voluntarily, in which case they must be prepared in accordance with the provisions of the General Accounting Plan. In exceptional cases where compliance was incompatible with the true and fair view such application shall be deemed inadmissible (Gill, Chatton and Osgood, 2009). It will be encouraged in the fact that memory and its influence on equity will be explained, financial position and results of the company. The balance sheet , profits statement , statement of changes in equity , the cashflow statement ( not ma ndatory for organizations that may build balance , statement of changes in equity as well as abbreviated memory ) as well as the memory section of the financial records of an organization(Business process management II: Diageo case study, 2006). Past financial statements needs to be easy to understand and also helpful for people who make use of them to come up with economic decisions ; the General Accounting Strategy aims that the info found in the annual accounts display reasonably the net worth , financial position as well as end results of the organization. The systematic as well as normal use of the requirements , process as well as conditions of this PGC can make the annual financial records give a true picture of the equity , financial position as well as outcomes of the organization . In accounting procedures will address its economic reality rather than just their legal form(Greuning,ScottTerblanche,2011). Requirements information to include in the annual accounts The information is true when the financial statements are free of errors and is neutral, ie it is free of bias, which allows users trust that is the true picture of what it purports to represent. Reliability derives integrity, which is reached when the financial information contienetodos data that can influence decision-making, without any omission (Hague, 2004). Similarly the annual accounts are made in a comparable manner in order to assess the situation and profitability compared with previous periods or companies of similar characteristics. Likewise, the information provided should be as clear as possible in order to make more effective decision-making within companies. The accounting principles that governed the General Accounting Plan are as follow. Company operation. Shall be deemed to company management will continue in the foreseeable future, so queno is intended to determine the value of equity, nor the resulting amount in the event of liquidation (HillMcDonnell,2016) . Accrual. The effects of transactions or economic events are recorded when they occur, are charged to exercise to which the annual accounts relate, expenses and revenues affecting the same, regardless of the date of payment or collection (Hague, 2004). Uniformity. The criteria adopted by Diageo and were chosen to generate the annual accounts have to keep in time and applied uniformly (Lehman et al., 2005). When these assumptions may be changed to alter the criteria adopted, this fact is to happen in the memory necessary to inform the impact that quantitative and qualitative variation has on the annual accounts(Gray and Malone, 2008)... This principle is based on estimates and assessments should be handled with caution in conditions of uncertainty. Prudence does not justify the valuation of the assets does not meet the faithful image that must reflect the annual accounts (Harvard business review on corporate governance, n.d.). Only benefits achieved to date are accounted year end. On the contrary, they should take into account all the risks. No compensation. Can not offset the asset and liabilities or expenses and income, and valued separately the integral elements of the annual accounts, unless some rule otherwise(Chand and Patel, 2011). Relative importance. Possible non-application of certain accounting principles and criteria when determining the importance in quantitative or qualitative terms of the variation that such fact produces is barely significant and therefore does not alter the expression of the true picture. Items or amounts whose relative importance is low may appear grouped with others of similar nature or function (Lehman et al., 2005). In case of conflict between principles you should prevaleces the most conducive to the financial statements give a true and fair view of the assets, liabilities, financial position and results of the company. Relevancy and faithful representation in financial statements Accoording to the 2016 Diageo financial statements, the company takeabout the taxationsince they are a multinational company. The companys net profit dropped by 4.4% from the year 2015 to 2016 (refer to page 25 of the financial statement). At the end of year 2016, the reported tax rate was 17.4% this is an increase compard to 15.7% in june 2015. From the annual rep[ort it is clear that Diageo should report on taxes in a more comprehensive manner. Thwe inestors and stakeholders need to know how exactly the taxation is handled in various countries that the company is operating in (Mallin, 2004). This is useful because it enables better decisions to be made. Although the company does not have any accounting scandal and the end of year statements are formulated according to accounting framework and FASB, it is the responsibility of the management to ensure that the information presented in the financial statements is comprehensive and understandable for the stakeholders (Mirza, Holt and Orrell, 2006). International Accounting Standards dictates on the methodology for presentation of financial statements (Gray and Malone, 2008). Additionally, Statements of financial positions which includes balance sheet and income statements, statement of changes in equity, cash flow statements, accounting policies and comparative information. Figure 1: Diageo Market performance Corporate governance Just like a number of other areas of the corporate environment , corporate governance measures must not comply with a single design . On the other hand , experience demonstrates that the methods to apply and also achieve better governance in the organization , they vary significantly in each and every state and each organization , even within the similar industry (Mirza, Holt and Orrell, 2006). Likewise , the factors that steer people who run businesses to put into practice corporate governance procedures are diverse . Any of these might be simply because the survival of the organization is set , wherein case it is very important put into practice immediately(Gray and Malone, 2008). . One other reason could be that shareholders believe of the benefits as well as benefits that such procedures signify the outcomes of the organization as well as 3rd parties involved , both internally ( stakeholders , staff ) as well as externally ( customers , suppliers ) . In any event , will probably be the needs and the degree of dedication the key elements to accelerate the strategy of implementing these types of practices . The reason behind corporate governance would be to Access to capital or decrease its cost ,Face as well as react to external industry pressures .Balancing the needs , on numerous instances , diverging stakeholders . Guarantee the sustainability of the organization and Attain better operating results . The adoption of governance practices is easy when shareholders and persons responsible for their implementation are committed to their task, convinced of the value of change and motivated to achieve a common vision(HillMcDonnell,2016)s. The main objective of corporate governance is the establishment of agreements to avoid conflicts between current and future shareholders, ensuring that business information is presented in a transparent, reliable and timely manner, in addition to providing legal certainty and security to shareholders in their economic rights and its transmission, which is necessary to:Design mechanisms to ensure the efficient operation of the Shareholders' Meetings,Design and implement a Board of Directors that generates value,Design and implementation of the Committees that provide certainty to shareholders about the reliability of information on the operations of the Company,Agreements and pacts succession process management and management positions (Zuber-Skerritt, 2012).Design mechanisms to ensure that the effects of the shareholding structure of the company are equitable for all shareholders (Rights of minorities).Designing a dividend policy that provides certainty to shareholders and creditors even to contingencies like death and safeguard the operation of the Company (Sun, Stewart and Pollard, 2010). Diageo has done CSR in various divisions environmental social responsibility: the collective consciousness to improve the world The environment has become one of the points of social responsibility more care by businesses. And it is that if we take care of our planet, the consequences can be devastating(Chand and Patel, 2011).. It is therefore essential raise awareness and educate those around us of the importance of small gestures, those who though small, have a great impact. At our fingertips it is to apply and teach the next generation to recycle, use less paper, to bring cloth bags to the supermarket ... because our example is undoubtedly the best teaching.And if these good practices moved to the business sector, we find environmental policies social responsibility, which are manual action to protect the planet (Sun, Stewart and Pollard, 2010). Sustainable development Environmental social responsibility is the commitment to acquire companies to preserve and protect the environment. The objective is to evaluate all the natural resources that the company uses to create its products or services, such as water, electricity or raw materials used for packaging. In fact, the interest of companies for the environment is closely related to the demands of consumers (Zuber-Skerritt, 2012). It is increasingly common that your customers are people with "environmental awareness", ie, they have a lifestyle in which care about the environment and make their everyday purchases require products or services that require it coupled to their way of thinking and living. Diageo put up green marketing strategies in two different ways. One focuses on commercial and business area and refers to the process of creating products. The aim is to implement appropriate measures to prevent damage to the environment and market a product or a final service that does not believe any pollution, that does not generate waste and optimizing resources has been created. The other green marketing strategy focuses on the social area, that is, initiatives to raise awareness promoted internal staff and external customers of the need to protect and care for the environment.Diageo used more than 46 million dollars towards environmental sustainabe solutions in the last financial year. This shows that the company has done a lot in giving back to the community and changing the environment. So, to get a more sustainable world a lot is needed. Each to the extent of our possibilities and our responsibility, starting with our daily lives and spreading respect for the environment. And always with a purpose and a common goal: to work to leave a green and healthy planet to those who come after(Chand and Patel, 2011).. It is defined as the responsiveness that the company against the effects of their actions on the different groups with which it relates. Companies are socially responsible when they develop activities that meet the needs of its employees, society and those who benefit directly from its business; likewise for the care and preservation of the environment performing (Taparia, 2004). It is defined as the responsiveness that has government organizations against the effects of their actions on the different groups with which it relates. It is important to consider that to implement a policy represents for the company internally, the ideal culture, based on values, respect for society and efficiency for Diageo (Weygandt, Kimmel and Kieso, 2009). Conclusion Diageo is one of the biggest companies dealing with alcoholic beverages in the world. With this it has very many responsibilities to give back to the society. Moreover, it has been mandated to keep clean books of accounts in accordance with IAS and IFRS standards for accounting. It provides for management commentaries and the chairmans report in reporting of financial standards (Chand and Patel, 2011). References An improved conceptual framework for financial reporting. (2008). London, U.K.: International Accounting Standards Board. Business process management II: Diageo case study. (2006). Houston: American Productivity Quality Center (APQC). Chand, P. and Patel, C. (2011). Achieving global convergence of financial reporting standards. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Chavas, J. (2004). Risk analysis in theory and practice. Amsterdam: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinimann. Gill, J., Chatton, M. and Osgood, W. (2009). Understanding financial statements. [Rochester, NY]: Axzo Press. Greuning, H., Scott, D. and Terblanche, S. (2011). International financial reporting standards. Washington, D.C.: World Bank. Hague, I. (2004). Applying international financial reporting standards. London: LexisNexis. Harvard business review on corporate governance. (n.d.). . Hill, C. and McDonnell, B. (2016). Economics of corporate law. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. Lehman, C., Tinker, T., Merino, B. and Neimark, M. (2005). Corporate governance. Amsterdam: Elsevier JAI. Mallin, C. (2004). Corporate governance. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Mirza, A., Holt, G. and Orrell, M. (2006). Wiley IFRS. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Sun, W., Stewart, J. and Pollard, D. (2010). Reframing corporate social responsibility. Bingley, U.K.: Emerald. Taparia, J. (2004). Understanding financial statements. Oak Park, IL: Marion Street Press. Weygandt, J., Kimmel, P. and Kieso, D. (2009). Accounting principles. New York: Wiley. Zuber-Skerritt, O. (2012). Action research for sustainable development in a turbulent world. Bingley [England]: Emerald Group Pub.